.17.02.09. .DAY 2 - Damian's morning session.

WRITTEN DISCOURSE - Guy Cooks

-> Unified whole: - coherent

      - cohesive (it fits together)

What makes a text COHESIVE?

1. VERB FORM (present tense): we use the Present Tense when telling a story: "The historic Present"
   
2. PARALLELISM (the same lexical form): - to do / not to do (prayers, poetry, songs)
   
3. PRONOMINAL REFERENCE: * anaphoric reference (going back): "John took the letter off the table and threw it in the fire." Why? Because it had woodworm. ** cataphoric reference (story telling - you build up from introduction - children's books): "Nobody seemed to know where they came from, but there they were in the forest: Kanga and Baby Roo." *** exophoric / xenophoric reference (rhetorical questions) -> out of the text
4. REPETITION AND LEXICAL CHAINS: -synonyms / -antonyms / -hypernyms (e.g. furniture) / -hyponyms (e.g. chair) / -meronyms (e.g. I saw the headlights - meaning the car - the whole)
5. SUBSTITUTION: e.g. Do you like studying discourse? - Yes, I do. / - Yes, I think so.
6. ELLIPSIS: when we drop parts of the text. e.g. Would you like a pineapple? - Yes, I would.
7. CONJUNCTION: -additive (moreover, furthermore) / -adversive (however, on the other hand) / -causal (so, because, hence) / -temporal (McCarthy: Discourse Analysis for English teachers - first, second) / -elaborative/exempletive (such as, for example) / -discoursal (anyway, moving on)

> reciprocal (e.g. application)

- (e.g. memo)

< class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"> (e.g. biography)

1. given information

2. new information

- when we speak, we give new info to keep people's attention, and then comment on it.

- when reading, the writer is anticipating our questions.